The Craft of Archaeology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24901/rehs.v37i148.215Keywords:
artisanal archaeology, Arts and Crafts Movement, political practice, alienationAbstract
The idea of archaeology as craft challenges the separation of reasoning and execution that characterizes the field today. The Arts and Crafts Movement of the late nineteenth century established craftwork as an aesthetic of opposition. We establish craft in a Marxian critique of alienated labor, and we propose a unified practice of hand, heart, and mind for archaeology. The debates engendered by postprocessual archaeology have firmly situated archaeology in the present as a cultural and political practice. Many, however, still do not know how to work with these ideas. We argue that a resolution to this dilemma lies in thinking of archaeology as a craft. This resolultion does not provide a method, or a cookbook, for the practice of archaleology, as indeed the core of our argument is that attempts at such standardization lie at the heart of the alienation of archaeology. Rather, we wish to consider archaeology as a mode of cultural production, a unified method practiced by archaeologist, “client” public, and contemporary society.References
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BARKER, F. y J. D. HILL. “Archaeology and the Heritage Industry”. Archaeological Review From Cambridge, 7(2) (1988).
BELL, D. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. Londres: Heineman, 1974.
BINTLIFF, J. “Why Indiana Jones is Smarter than the Postprocessualists”, Norwegian Archaeological Review, 26 (1993): 91-100.
BLOOM, A. The Closing of the American Mind. Nueva York: Simon and Schuster, 1987.
BRAVERMAN, H. Labor and Monopoly Capital: the Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. Londres: Monthly Review Press, 1974.
CHIPPINDALE, C. “Stoned Henge: Events and Issues at the Summer Solstice, 1985”. World Archaeology, 18(1) (1986): 38-58.
CHIPPINDALE, C., C. P. DEVEREUX, P. FOWLER, R. JONES y T. SEBASTIAN. Who Owes Stonehenge? Londres: Batsford, 1990.
COLLCUTT, S. “The Archaeologist as Consultant”. En Archaeological Resource Management in the UK: An Introduction, eds., J. Hunter e I. Ralston, 158-168. Dover: Alan Sutton, 1993.
CUNLIFFE, B. The Report of a Joint Working Party of the Council for British Archeology and the Department of the Environment. Londres: Department of the Environment and Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1990.
_____. “Publishing in the City”. Antiquity, 64 (1982): 667-671.
CUNNINGHAM, R. D. “Why and How to Improve Archaeology's Business Work”. American Antiquity, 44 (1979): 572-574.
DECCICO, G. “A Public Relations Primer”. American Antiquity, 53 (1988): 840-856.
DEETZ, J. D. In Small Things Forgotten, Garden City, Nueva York: Anchor Press, 1977.
DORMER, P. “The ideal World of Vermeer’s Little Lacemaker”. En Design After Modernism, ed. J, Thackara, 135-144. Londres: Thames and Hudson, 1988.
_____. The Meanings of Modern Design. Londres: Thames and Hudson, 1990.
_____. The Art of the Maker: Skill and its Meaning in Art, Craft and Design. Londres: Thames and Hudson, 1994.
DUKE, P. “Cultural Resource Management and the Professional Archaeologist”. SAA Bulletin 9(4) (1991): 10-11.
ENGLISH HERITAGE. The Management of Archaeology Project, 2a ed. Londres: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission and Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1991.
FITTING, J. E. “Client Orientated Archaeology: A Comment on Kinsey’s Dilemma”. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 48 (1978): 12-25.
FLANNERY, K. V. “The Golden Marshalltown: A Parable for the Archaeology of the 1980s”. American Anthropologist, 84 (1982): 265-279.
FULLER, P. “The Proper Work of the Potter”. En Images of God: Consolations of Lost Illusions. Londres: Hogarth, 1990.
GATHERCOLE, P. y D. LOWENTHAL. The Politics of the Past. Londres: Unwin Hyman, 1989.
GERO, J. “Socio-Politics of Archaeology and the Women-at-Home, Ideology”. American Antiquity, 50 (1985): 342-350.
_____. “Gender Divisions of Labor in the Construction of Archaeological Knowledge in the United States”. En Archaeology of Gender, eds. N. Willo y D. Walde, 96-102. Calgary: University of Calgary, 1991.
GIAMATTI, B. A Free and Ordered Space: The Real World of the University. Nueva York: W. W. Norton, 1988.
GRINT, K. The Sociology of Work: An Introduction. Cambridge: Blackwell Polity, 1991.
HARAWAY, D. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. Londres: Routledge, 1989.
HARDING, S. The Science Question in Feminism. Londres: Open University Press, 1986.
HARVEY, D. The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.
HILLS, C. “The Dissemination of Information”. En Archaeological Resource Management in the UK: An Introduction , eds. J. Hunter e I. Ralston, 215-224. Dover: Alan Sutton, 1993.
HODDER, I. “Writing Archaeology: Site Reports in Context”. Antiquity , 62 (1989): 268-274.
HOODER, I., M. SHANKS, A. ALEXANDRI, V. BUCHLI, J. CARMAN, J. LAST y G. LUCAS. Interpreting Archaeology: Finding Meaning in the Past. Londres: Routledge, 1995.
HOUNSHELL, D. A. From the American System to Mass Production 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.
HUNTER, J. e I., RALSTON, eds. Archaeological Resource Management in the UK: An Introduction . Dover: Alan Sutton, 1993.
INSTITUTE OF CONTEMPORANY ARTS. William Morris Today. Londres: Institute of Contemporary Arts, 1984.
INSTITUTE OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGISTS. By-Laws of the Institute of Field Archaeologists: Code of Conduct. Birmingham: Institute of Field Archaeologists, 1988.
_____. By-Laws of the Institute of Field Archaeologists: Code of Approved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology. Birmingham: Institute of Field Archaeologists, 1990.
JOUKOUSKY, M. A Complete Manual of Archaeology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
KERR, C. The Uses of the University. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964.
KNORR-CETINA K. D. The Manufacture of Knowledge. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981.
KNORR-CETINA, K. D. y M. MULKAY, eds. Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science. Londres: Sage, 1983.
KNUDSON, R. A. “North America's Threatened Heritage”. Archaeology, 42 (1989): 71-73, 106.
LATOUR, B. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society. Londres: Open University Press, 1987.
LATOUR, B. y S. WOOLGAR. Laboratory Life. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979.
LAYTON, R.,ed. Conflict in the Archaeology of Living Tradition . Londres: Unwin Hyman, 1989a.
_____. Who Needs the Past? Indigenous Values in Archaeology. Londres: Unwin Hyman, 1989b.
LEONE, M. P., P. B. POTTER Jr. y P.A. SHACKEL. “Toward a Critical Archaeology” Current Anthropology. 28 (1987): 283-302.
LYNCH, M. Art and Artifact in Laboratory Science: A Study of' Shop Work and Shop Talk in a Research Laboratory. Londres: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.
LYNTON, E. A. y S.E. ELMAN. New Priorities for the University. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1987.
MCBRYDE, I., ed. Who Owns the Past? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
MCGIMSEY, C. R. III y H. A. DAVIS, eds. The Management of Archaeological Resources: The Airlie House Report. Special Publication. Washington: Society for American Archaeology, 1977.
MCGUIRE, R. H. “Archaeology and the First Americans”, American Anthropologist, 94 (1992): 816-836.
NOBLE, D. Forces of Production: a Social History of Industrial Automation. Nueva York: Knopf, 1984.
OLLMAN, B. Alienation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
PAYNTER, R. “Field or Factory? Concerning the Degradation of Archaeological Labor”. En The Socio-Politics of Archaeology, J. M. Gero, D.M. Lacy y M. L. Blakey, 17-30. Amherst: Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, 1983.
PICKERING, A., ed. Science as Practice and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press , 1992.
POTTER, P. B. "The “What” and “Why” of Public Relations for Archaeology: A Post script to DeCicco's Public, Relations Primer". American Antiquity, 55 (1990): 608-613.
PREUCEL, R., ed. Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies: Multiple Ways of Knowing the Past. Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, 1991.
RAAB, M. L., T. KLINGER, M. B. SCHIFFER y A. GOODYEAR. “Clients, Contracts, and Profits: Conflicts in Public Archaeology”. American Anthropologist, 82 (1980): 539-551.
REDMAN, C. L. “In Defense of the Seventies”. American Anthropologist, 93 (1991): 295-307.
ROSE, M. A. The Post-Modern and Post-Industrial: A Critical Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
ROSOVSKY, H. The University: An Owner’s Manual. Nueva York: W. W. Norton, 1990.
SCHULDENREIN, J. “Cultural Resource Management and Academic Responsibility in Archaeology : A Rejoinder to Duke”. SAA Bulletin, 10(5) (1992): 3.
SHANKS, M. Experiencing the Past: On the Character of Archaeology. Londres: Routledge, 1992.
_____. Classical Archaeology: Experiences of the Discipline. London: Routledge, 1995.
SHANKS, M. e I. HODDER. “Processual, Postprocessual and Interpretive Archaeologies”. En Interpreting Archaeology: Finding Meaning in the Past. I. Hodder, M. Shanks, A. Alexandri, V. Buchli, J. Carman, J.Last y G. Lucas, 3-29. Londres: Routledge, 1995.
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON. Archaeological Publication, Archives, and Collections: Towards a National Policy. Londres: Society of Antiquaries, 1992.
SWAIN, H., ed. Competitive Tendering in Archaeology. Hertford: Rescue Publications/Standing Conference of Archaeological Unit Managers, 1991.
SYKES, C. J. ProfScam: Professors and the Demise of 'Higher Education. Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1988.
THOMAS, J. Time. Culture and Identity: An Interpretive Archaeology. Londres: Routledge, 1995.
THOMPSON, E. P. William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary. Londres: Merlin, 1977.
TILLEY, C. “On Modernity and Archaeological Discourse”. En Archaeology After Structuralism, eds. I. Bapty y T. Yates, 127-152. Londres: Routledge, 1990.
_____. A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths and Monuments. Oxford: Berg, 1994.
TILLYARD, S. K. The Impact of Modernism 1900-1920: Early Modernism and the Arts and Crafts Movement in Edwardian England. Londres: Routledge, 1988.
TOURAINE, A. The Post-Industrial Society: Tomorrow´s Social History: Classes, Conflicts and Culture in the Programmed Society, trad. F. X. Leonard Mayhew. Londres: Random House, 1971.
UCKO, P. Academic Freedom and Apartheid: The Story of the World Archaeological Congress. Londres: Duckworth, 1987.
WALKA, J. J. “Management Methods and Opportunities in Archaeology”. American Antiquity, 44 (1979): 575-582.
WALSH, K. The Representation of the Past: Museums and Heritage in the Postmodern World. Londres: Routledge, 1992.
WELSH OFFICE. Planning Policy Guidance Note 16: Archaeology And Planning. Cardiff: Welsh Office, 1991.
WYLIE, A. “Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Feminist Critiques and Archaeological Challenges”. En Archaeology of Gender , eds. N. Willo y D. Walde, 17-23. Calgary: University of Calgary, 1991.
YOFFEE, N. y A. SHERRATT, eds. Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
BARKER, F. y J. D. HILL. “Archaeology and the Heritage Industry”. Archaeological Review From Cambridge, 7(2) (1988).
BELL, D. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. Londres: Heineman, 1974.
BINTLIFF, J. “Why Indiana Jones is Smarter than the Postprocessualists”, Norwegian Archaeological Review, 26 (1993): 91-100.
BLOOM, A. The Closing of the American Mind. Nueva York: Simon and Schuster, 1987.
BRAVERMAN, H. Labor and Monopoly Capital: the Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. Londres: Monthly Review Press, 1974.
CHIPPINDALE, C. “Stoned Henge: Events and Issues at the Summer Solstice, 1985”. World Archaeology, 18(1) (1986): 38-58.
CHIPPINDALE, C., C. P. DEVEREUX, P. FOWLER, R. JONES y T. SEBASTIAN. Who Owes Stonehenge? Londres: Batsford, 1990.
COLLCUTT, S. “The Archaeologist as Consultant”. En Archaeological Resource Management in the UK: An Introduction, eds., J. Hunter e I. Ralston, 158-168. Dover: Alan Sutton, 1993.
CUNLIFFE, B. The Report of a Joint Working Party of the Council for British Archeology and the Department of the Environment. Londres: Department of the Environment and Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1990.
_____. “Publishing in the City”. Antiquity, 64 (1982): 667-671.
CUNNINGHAM, R. D. “Why and How to Improve Archaeology's Business Work”. American Antiquity, 44 (1979): 572-574.
DECCICO, G. “A Public Relations Primer”. American Antiquity, 53 (1988): 840-856.
DEETZ, J. D. In Small Things Forgotten, Garden City, Nueva York: Anchor Press, 1977.
DORMER, P. “The ideal World of Vermeer’s Little Lacemaker”. En Design After Modernism, ed. J, Thackara, 135-144. Londres: Thames and Hudson, 1988.
_____. The Meanings of Modern Design. Londres: Thames and Hudson, 1990.
_____. The Art of the Maker: Skill and its Meaning in Art, Craft and Design. Londres: Thames and Hudson, 1994.
DUKE, P. “Cultural Resource Management and the Professional Archaeologist”. SAA Bulletin 9(4) (1991): 10-11.
ENGLISH HERITAGE. The Management of Archaeology Project, 2a ed. Londres: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission and Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1991.
FITTING, J. E. “Client Orientated Archaeology: A Comment on Kinsey’s Dilemma”. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 48 (1978): 12-25.
FLANNERY, K. V. “The Golden Marshalltown: A Parable for the Archaeology of the 1980s”. American Anthropologist, 84 (1982): 265-279.
FULLER, P. “The Proper Work of the Potter”. En Images of God: Consolations of Lost Illusions. Londres: Hogarth, 1990.
GATHERCOLE, P. y D. LOWENTHAL. The Politics of the Past. Londres: Unwin Hyman, 1989.
GERO, J. “Socio-Politics of Archaeology and the Women-at-Home, Ideology”. American Antiquity, 50 (1985): 342-350.
_____. “Gender Divisions of Labor in the Construction of Archaeological Knowledge in the United States”. En Archaeology of Gender, eds. N. Willo y D. Walde, 96-102. Calgary: University of Calgary, 1991.
GIAMATTI, B. A Free and Ordered Space: The Real World of the University. Nueva York: W. W. Norton, 1988.
GRINT, K. The Sociology of Work: An Introduction. Cambridge: Blackwell Polity, 1991.
HARAWAY, D. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. Londres: Routledge, 1989.
HARDING, S. The Science Question in Feminism. Londres: Open University Press, 1986.
HARVEY, D. The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.
HILLS, C. “The Dissemination of Information”. En Archaeological Resource Management in the UK: An Introduction , eds. J. Hunter e I. Ralston, 215-224. Dover: Alan Sutton, 1993.
HODDER, I. “Writing Archaeology: Site Reports in Context”. Antiquity , 62 (1989): 268-274.
HOODER, I., M. SHANKS, A. ALEXANDRI, V. BUCHLI, J. CARMAN, J. LAST y G. LUCAS. Interpreting Archaeology: Finding Meaning in the Past. Londres: Routledge, 1995.
HOUNSHELL, D. A. From the American System to Mass Production 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.
HUNTER, J. e I., RALSTON, eds. Archaeological Resource Management in the UK: An Introduction . Dover: Alan Sutton, 1993.
INSTITUTE OF CONTEMPORANY ARTS. William Morris Today. Londres: Institute of Contemporary Arts, 1984.
INSTITUTE OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGISTS. By-Laws of the Institute of Field Archaeologists: Code of Conduct. Birmingham: Institute of Field Archaeologists, 1988.
_____. By-Laws of the Institute of Field Archaeologists: Code of Approved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology. Birmingham: Institute of Field Archaeologists, 1990.
JOUKOUSKY, M. A Complete Manual of Archaeology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
KERR, C. The Uses of the University. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964.
KNORR-CETINA K. D. The Manufacture of Knowledge. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981.
KNORR-CETINA, K. D. y M. MULKAY, eds. Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science. Londres: Sage, 1983.
KNUDSON, R. A. “North America's Threatened Heritage”. Archaeology, 42 (1989): 71-73, 106.
LATOUR, B. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society. Londres: Open University Press, 1987.
LATOUR, B. y S. WOOLGAR. Laboratory Life. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979.
LAYTON, R.,ed. Conflict in the Archaeology of Living Tradition . Londres: Unwin Hyman, 1989a.
_____. Who Needs the Past? Indigenous Values in Archaeology. Londres: Unwin Hyman, 1989b.
LEONE, M. P., P. B. POTTER Jr. y P.A. SHACKEL. “Toward a Critical Archaeology” Current Anthropology. 28 (1987): 283-302.
LYNCH, M. Art and Artifact in Laboratory Science: A Study of' Shop Work and Shop Talk in a Research Laboratory. Londres: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.
LYNTON, E. A. y S.E. ELMAN. New Priorities for the University. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1987.
MCBRYDE, I., ed. Who Owns the Past? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
MCGIMSEY, C. R. III y H. A. DAVIS, eds. The Management of Archaeological Resources: The Airlie House Report. Special Publication. Washington: Society for American Archaeology, 1977.
MCGUIRE, R. H. “Archaeology and the First Americans”, American Anthropologist, 94 (1992): 816-836.
NOBLE, D. Forces of Production: a Social History of Industrial Automation. Nueva York: Knopf, 1984.
OLLMAN, B. Alienation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
PAYNTER, R. “Field or Factory? Concerning the Degradation of Archaeological Labor”. En The Socio-Politics of Archaeology, J. M. Gero, D.M. Lacy y M. L. Blakey, 17-30. Amherst: Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, 1983.
PICKERING, A., ed. Science as Practice and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press , 1992.
POTTER, P. B. "The “What” and “Why” of Public Relations for Archaeology: A Post script to DeCicco's Public, Relations Primer". American Antiquity, 55 (1990): 608-613.
PREUCEL, R., ed. Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies: Multiple Ways of Knowing the Past. Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, 1991.
RAAB, M. L., T. KLINGER, M. B. SCHIFFER y A. GOODYEAR. “Clients, Contracts, and Profits: Conflicts in Public Archaeology”. American Anthropologist, 82 (1980): 539-551.
REDMAN, C. L. “In Defense of the Seventies”. American Anthropologist, 93 (1991): 295-307.
ROSE, M. A. The Post-Modern and Post-Industrial: A Critical Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
ROSOVSKY, H. The University: An Owner’s Manual. Nueva York: W. W. Norton, 1990.
SCHULDENREIN, J. “Cultural Resource Management and Academic Responsibility in Archaeology : A Rejoinder to Duke”. SAA Bulletin, 10(5) (1992): 3.
SHANKS, M. Experiencing the Past: On the Character of Archaeology. Londres: Routledge, 1992.
_____. Classical Archaeology: Experiences of the Discipline. London: Routledge, 1995.
SHANKS, M. e I. HODDER. “Processual, Postprocessual and Interpretive Archaeologies”. En Interpreting Archaeology: Finding Meaning in the Past. I. Hodder, M. Shanks, A. Alexandri, V. Buchli, J. Carman, J.Last y G. Lucas, 3-29. Londres: Routledge, 1995.
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON. Archaeological Publication, Archives, and Collections: Towards a National Policy. Londres: Society of Antiquaries, 1992.
SWAIN, H., ed. Competitive Tendering in Archaeology. Hertford: Rescue Publications/Standing Conference of Archaeological Unit Managers, 1991.
SYKES, C. J. ProfScam: Professors and the Demise of 'Higher Education. Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1988.
THOMAS, J. Time. Culture and Identity: An Interpretive Archaeology. Londres: Routledge, 1995.
THOMPSON, E. P. William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary. Londres: Merlin, 1977.
TILLEY, C. “On Modernity and Archaeological Discourse”. En Archaeology After Structuralism, eds. I. Bapty y T. Yates, 127-152. Londres: Routledge, 1990.
_____. A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths and Monuments. Oxford: Berg, 1994.
TILLYARD, S. K. The Impact of Modernism 1900-1920: Early Modernism and the Arts and Crafts Movement in Edwardian England. Londres: Routledge, 1988.
TOURAINE, A. The Post-Industrial Society: Tomorrow´s Social History: Classes, Conflicts and Culture in the Programmed Society, trad. F. X. Leonard Mayhew. Londres: Random House, 1971.
UCKO, P. Academic Freedom and Apartheid: The Story of the World Archaeological Congress. Londres: Duckworth, 1987.
WALKA, J. J. “Management Methods and Opportunities in Archaeology”. American Antiquity, 44 (1979): 575-582.
WALSH, K. The Representation of the Past: Museums and Heritage in the Postmodern World. Londres: Routledge, 1992.
WELSH OFFICE. Planning Policy Guidance Note 16: Archaeology And Planning. Cardiff: Welsh Office, 1991.
WYLIE, A. “Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Feminist Critiques and Archaeological Challenges”. En Archaeology of Gender , eds. N. Willo y D. Walde, 17-23. Calgary: University of Calgary, 1991.
YOFFEE, N. y A. SHERRATT, eds. Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
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